陕 (Shan)

《史记·秦本纪》“十三年四月戌午，魏君为王，韩亦为王。使张仪伐取陕，出其人与魏。” 《水经注》“東則咸陽澗水注之，水出北虞山南，至陝津注河，河南即陝城也。”陕，在今三门峡陕州区。陕县后川、三门峡刚玉砂场、大岭粮库、后川等战国秦汉墓地发现不少带有“陕亭”、“陕市”的戳印陶文。2019年以来在陕州城附近的甘棠学校发掘发现了不少东周墓葬，随葬成套青铜礼器。50年代中后期黄河水库考古队曾发现汉代陕县城的夯土东城墙遗迹，并在城外发掘大批汉墓。

Shan was located in present-day Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia. In the Shuijing zhu, Shan is described as lying south of the Yellow River. To the east, Xianyang Jian Shui converges into it as well. This stream originates from south of Beiyu Shan and flows to Shanjin before joining the Yellow River; to its south lies the city of Shan. In the 1950s, the Archaeological Team for the Yellow River Reservoir Project identified the rammed-earth city wall of Shan and excavated several cemeteries outside the city. Since then, archaeologists have found pottery inscribed with Shan ting or Shan shi—that is, the market station or market bureau of Shan—in several cemeteries, including Houchuan, Gangyu Shachang, and Daling Liangku. Since 2019, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology has excavated a cemetery dating from the seventh to fifth centuries BCE, which includes several high-ranking elite tombs. This cemetery is located close to the Shan city site.